Renée Lynn Fleming (born February 14, 1959) is an American soprano and actress who has performed in opera, concerts, recordings, theater, film, and at major public events. She has received the National Medal of Arts and has been nominated for 18 Grammy Awards, winning five of them. In December 2023, she was one of five people honored with the Kennedy Center Honors. Other honors she has received include the Crystal Award from the World Economic Forum in Davos, the Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur from the French government, Germany's Cross of the Order of Merit, Sweden's Polar Music Prize, and honorary membership in England's Royal Academy of Music. Unlike many opera singers, Fleming is well-known outside the classical music world.

Fleming has a full lyric soprano voice. She has performed a variety of operatic roles in Italian, German, French, Czech, Russian, and English. A large part of her career has involved performing new music, including the first performances of operas, concert pieces, and songs written for her by composers such as André Previn, Caroline Shaw, Kevin Puts, Anders Hillborg, Nico Muhly, Henri Dutilleux, Brad Mehldau, and Wayne Shorter. In 2008, Fleming became the first woman in the 125-year history of the Metropolitan Opera (the Met) to perform alone on a season opening night gala. Conductor Sir Georg Solti said, "In my long life, I have met maybe two sopranos with this quality of singing."

Outside of opera, Fleming has sung and recorded lieder, chansons, jazz, musical theater, and indie rock. She has performed with many artists, including Luciano Pavarotti, Lou Reed, Wynton Marsalis, Paul Simon, Andrea Bocelli, Sting, John Prine, and Dead & Company. She was nominated for a Tony Award in 2018 and has acted on Broadway and in theatrical productions in London, Los Angeles, and Chicago. Fleming has also recorded songs for the soundtracks of two films that won the Academy Award for Best Picture: The Shape of Water and The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King. She has appeared on television and is the only classical singer to have performed the U.S. National Anthem at the Super Bowl. In July 2025, she began directing a production of Mozart's Cosi fan tutte at the Aspen Music Festival and School.

Fleming supports efforts to raise awareness about the effects of music and the arts on health and neuroscience. She has won a Research!America award for her work in this area. In May 2023, she was named a Goodwill Ambassador for Arts and Health by the World Health Organization. In 2024, she started the Renée Fleming Neuroarts Investigator Awards, which fund research by scientists who work with artists. The awards are given annually through the NeuroArts Blueprint Initiative at Johns Hopkins University and the Aspen Institute. In April 2024, Penguin Random House published Fleming's book Music and Mind: Harnessing the Arts for Health and Wellness. In January 2025, she was appointed as a member of the World Economic Forum Global Arts and Culture Council.

Early life and education

Fleming was born on February 14, 1959, in Indiana, Pennsylvania, as the daughter of two music teachers. Her great-grandparents were born in Prague and later moved to the United States. She grew up in Churchville, New York, and attended Churchville-Chili High School.

She studied with Patricia Misslin at the Crane School of Music at the State University of New York (SUNY) at Potsdam and graduated with a Bachelor of Music Education in 1981. While at SUNY Potsdam, she began singing with a jazz trio at Alger's, a bar near campus. A famous jazz saxophonist named Illinois Jacquet invited her to join his big band on a tour. Instead, she chose to continue her studies with voice teacher John Maloy at the Eastman School of Music at the University of Rochester, where she earned a Master of Music in 1983. At Eastman, she performed the role of Zerlina in the 1982 production of Don Giovanni, directed by conductor David Effron. Other cast members included Gene Scheer as Leporello and Mark Thomsen as Don Ottavio.

As a student, Fleming spent several summers at the Aspen Music Festival and School (AMFS), where she studied with Jan DeGaetani and worked with director Edward Berkeley. She performed the role of Anne Sexton in Conrad Susa's Transformations (1983); gave her first performance as Countess Almaviva in Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro (1984), a role she later performed in many major opera houses; and sang the role of Anne in Stravinsky's The Rake's Progress (1987). She also performed scenes from Der Rosenkavalier, and the role of the Marschallin in that opera became one of her most well-known performances.

In 1985, she won a Fulbright Scholarship, which allowed her to study in Europe with Arleen Augér and Elisabeth Schwarzkopf. Through the scholarship, she also studied art songs with Hartmut Höll in Frankfurt, Germany. To support further studies at the Juilliard School, she performed at jazz clubs. At Juilliard, she sang in roles with the Juilliard Opera Center, including Musetta in Puccini's La bohème and the Wife in Menotti's Tamu-Tamu. Her voice teacher at Juilliard was Beverley Peck Johnson. She graduated from Juilliard with an Artist Diploma in 1986 and was among the first recipients of the Richard F. Gold Career Grant in 1987.

Career

Fleming started performing in small concerts and with small opera groups while she was still studying at Juilliard. She often sang in the Musica Viva concert series, which was organized by the New York Unitarian Church of All Souls during the 1980s. In 1984, she performed nine songs by Hugo Wolf in the world premiere of Eliot Feld’s ballet Adieu, which she repeated in 1987 and 1989 at the Joyce Theater. In 1986, she sang her first major operatic role, Konstanze in Die Entführung aus dem Serail, at the State Theatre in Salzburg, Austria. Two years later, she played Thalie, Clarine, and La Folie in Jean-Philippe Rameau’s Platée with Il Piccolo Teatro dell'Opera at the Brooklyn Academy of Music.

Her major break came in 1988 when she won the Met Auditions at age 29. That same year, she sang the role of the Countess in The Marriage of Figaro in her debut with the Houston Grand Opera. She performed the role again the next year in her debut at the Spoleto Festival in Italy. Also in 1989, Fleming made her debut with the New York City Opera as Mimì in La bohème under conductor Chris Nance and her debut with The Royal Opera in London as Dircé in Médée. She also received a Richard Tucker Career Grant and won the George London Competition. In March 1989, she sang the role of Imogene in Vincenzo Bellini’s Il pirata with the Opera Orchestra of New York under Eve Queler.

In 1990, Fleming was honored by the Richard Tucker Music Foundation with the Richard Tucker Award. That same year, she made her debut with Seattle Opera in the role of Rusalka, a role she later recorded and performed at many famous opera houses. She also sang in the 50th anniversary production of Eliot Feld’s Les Noces by the American Ballet Theatre and returned to the New York City Opera to sing the Countess in Le nozze di Figaro and Micaëla in Carmen. She performed the title role in the U.S. premiere of Donizetti’s Maria Padilla with Opera Omaha and sang the title role in Donizetti’s Lucrezia Borgia with the Opera Orchestra of New York.

Fleming’s first television appearance was in January 1991, when she sang the Cherry Duet from L’amico Fritz with Luciano Pavarotti on Live from Lincoln Center. She made her debut with the Met and San Francisco Opera as Countess Almaviva in Le nozze di Figaro in 1991. She was not originally scheduled to perform at the Met until the next season but stepped in to replace Felicity Lott, who was ill. She returned to the Met later that year to sing Rosina in the world premiere of John Corigliano’s The Ghosts of Versailles. She also performed at Carnegie Hall with the New York City Opera Orchestra, sang Rusalka with Houston Grand Opera, and made her debut at the Tanglewood Music Festival as Ilia in Mozart’s Idomeneo with Seiji Ozawa and the Boston Symphony Orchestra.

In 1992, Fleming made her debut with Grand Théâtre de Genève in Switzerland as Fiordiligi in Mozart’s Così fan tutte. She sang the role of Anna in La dame blanche at Carnegie Hall with the Opera Orchestra of New York and performed Fortuna in Mozart’s Il sogno di Scipione at Alice Tully Hall as part of Lincoln Center’s Festival of Mozart Operas in Concert.

Fleming sang the role of Alaide in Bellini’s La straniera in a concert performance by the Opera Orchestra of New York; made her debut at the Rossini Opera Festival in Italy as Armida; and debuted with the Lyric Opera of Chicago as Susannah. She also gave her New York City solo recital debut at Alice Tully Hall, sang her first Pamina in The Magic Flute at the Met, and performed excerpts from Alban Berg’s Wozzeck and the Lulu Suite with the Met Orchestra under James Levine.

During the same season, she performed in the world premiere of Joan Tower’s Fanfare with Pinchas Zukerman and the Aspen Chamber Symphony and in the world premiere of John Kander’s Letter From Sullivan Ballou at the Richard Tucker Awards ceremony.

In June 1993, Fleming performed recital pieces at the funeral of American soprano Arleen Auger at Frank E. Campbell Funeral Chapel in New York City.

During the 1993/1994 season, Fleming sang her first Desdemona in Verdi’s Otello and her first Ellen Orford in Britten’s Peter Grimes, both with the Met. That summer, she made her debut at the Glyndebourne Festival in England as the Countess in Le nozze di Figaro. She also performed the role of Madame de Tourvel in the world premiere of Conrad Susa’s The Dangerous Liaisons. The 1994/1995 San Francisco Opera season included her performance as Salome in Massenet’s Hérodiade.

In 1995, Fleming portrayed the Marschallin in Der Rosenkavalier with Houston Grand Opera; sang in Salomé in Massenet’s Hérodiade with the Opera Orchestra of New York at Carnegie Hall; and performed Rusalka with the San Francisco Opera. She sang Fiordiligi in Così fan tutte with Solti at Royal Festival Hall in London and gave a recital at the Morgan Library.

A highlight of 1996 was Fleming signing an exclusive recording contract with the London/Decca label, making her the first American singer in 31 years to do so. The title role in Rossini’s Armida at the Pesaro Festival in Italy also took place in 1996. She performed Fiordiligi in Così fan tutte at the Met and sang the soprano solo part in the Verdi Requiem with Luciano Pavarotti and the Met Orchestra at Carnegie Hall. Her debut in the role of Marguerite in Gounod’s Faust was with Chicago Lyric Opera, and she sang the role of Donna Anna in Don Giovanni with the Paris Opera at the reopening of the Palais Garnier with Sir Georg Solti.

Solti chose Fleming to be the first recipient of his “Solti Prize,” an award given to an outstanding younger singer, presented by the “Académie du disque lyrique” in a ceremony similar to the Grammy Awards. That year, Fleming debuted at the Bayreuth Festival in Germany as Eva in Wagner’s Meistersinger. She also performed recitals at the Edinburgh International Festival in Scotland and at Alice Tully Hall.

Her first performance as Manon at the Opéra

Personal life

Fleming has been married twice. She married actor Rick Ross in 1989, and the couple had two daughters. They divorced in 2000. On September 3, 2011, Fleming married tax lawyer Tim Jessell. She met him on a blind date arranged by author Ann Patchett.

Non-classical recordings

Reneé Fleming performed as a guest singer on Joe Jackson's 1994 album Night Music on the song "Lullaby." Fleming has released several recordings with the Decca label. In 2000, she sang with cellist Julian Lloyd Webber and violinist Gil Shaham on the album Two Worlds by Dave Grusin and Lee Ritenour. In 2005, Fleming recorded a jazz album with pianist Fred Hersch and guitarist Bill Frisell called Haunted Heart. On June 8, 2010, Decca/Mercury released Fleming's album Dark Hope, which includes covers of indie rock songs. The album was created by rock managers Peter Mensch and Cliff Burnstein. After hearing Fleming perform "In the Pines" on Elvis Costello's TV show Spectacle, they contacted Fleming and producer David Kahne. Dark Hope includes covers of songs by Leonard Cohen, Band of Horses, Jefferson Airplane, and others.

In 2008, Fleming sang Blossom Dearie's "Touch the Hand of Love" with Chris Thile, Edgar Meyers, and Yo-Yo Ma on the album Ma's Songs of Joy and Peace. In November 2010, the Charlie Haden Quartet West released the jazz CD Sophisticated Ladies, featuring Fleming as a guest vocalist on the song "A Love Like This" by Ned Washington and Victor Young. In 2014, Decca released Fleming's holiday album Christmas in New York, which includes carefully arranged jazz versions of holiday songs. Guests on the album include Chris Botti, Kurt Elling, Wynton Marsalis, Brad Mehldau, Kelli O'Hara, Gregory Porter, and Rufus Wainwright. The album inspired a PBS special with the same title.

In 2015, Fleming performed "New York Tendaberry" with Chris Thile, Edgar Meyers, and Yo-Yo Ma on Billy Childs' album Map to the Treasure: Reimagining Laura Nyro. The song won the Grammy for Best Arrangement, Instruments and Vocals. In 2017, Decca released Fleming's album Distant Light, which includes four songs by Icelandic composer Björk, Samuel Barber's Knoxville: Summer of 1915, and Strand Settings, a four-song cycle by Anders Hillborg. In 2018, Decca released Fleming's album Reneé Fleming: Broadway, featuring musical theater songs. Guest artists on the album included Christian McBride, Leslie Odom Jr., and Dan Tepfer.

TV, radio, film, and digital platforms

Fleming appeared on the children's show Sesame Street, singing an energetic version of "Caro nome" from Rigoletto, using new lyrics instead of the original Italian words to help children learn to count. She performed multiple times on Garrison Keillor's public radio program A Prairie Home Companion.

Fleming appears on the soundtrack of the 2003 film The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, where she sings in the fictional language Sindarin. She also sang on the soundtrack of the 2003 Disney film Piglet's Big Movie, performing the duet "Comforting to Know" with Carly Simon. In 2004, Fleming performed at the Kennedy Center Honors gala, broadcast on CBS, as part of a tribute to Warren Beatty. She previously performed in Kennedy Center Honors broadcasts for André Previn (1998) and Van Cliburn (2001). On November 18, 2005, Fleming appeared as a guest on the BBC Radio 4 program Desert Island Discs; her favorite song was Joni Mitchell's 1971 song "River." Fleming performed "I'll Be Home for Christmas" on ABC's The View on December 18, 2008.

Fleming performed on HBO's We Are One: The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial on January 18, 2009, a concert that also included performances by Bruce Springsteen, Mary J. Blige, Stevie Wonder, Garth Brooks, U2, and others. Fleming sang the Rodgers and Hammerstein classic "You'll Never Walk Alone" with the combined choirs of the United States Naval Academy. She appeared on the December 18, 2009, broadcast of The Martha Stewart Show and baked cookies with Stewart and Snoop Dogg.

Fleming was featured on the first episode of the second season of HBO's Masterclass. She led a master class in which she taught and mentored four aspiring college-aged singers.

On June 8, 2010, Fleming performed a cover of Muse's "Endlessly" from their album Absolution on Good Morning America.

Fleming appears on the soundtrack of the 2011 Steven Spielberg animated film The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn, where she provided the singing voice of opera diva Bianca Castafiore, singing Juliette's waltz from Gounod's Romeo et Juliette. She recorded Alexandre Desplat's theme song "Still Dream" for the 2012 DreamWorks animated film Rise of the Guardians.

On March 20, 2011, Fleming performed in the Grand Finale concert of the YouTube Symphony Orchestra with the Sydney Children's Choir, singing Mozart's "Caro bell'idol mio" K562, conducted by Michael Tilson Thomas. In less than one week, the concert had 33 million online views.

On April 6, 2012, Fleming performed Broadway duets with Josh Groban on PBS's Live at Lincoln Center.

On June 4, 2012, Fleming performed at the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Concert from the balcony of Buckingham Palace, a concert that was broadcast internationally and included performances by Elton John, Paul McCartney, Kylie Minogue, Ed Sheeran, and others.

In November 2013, Fleming programmed and hosted a three-day festival at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C., titled "American Voices," which explored singing across musical genres. Sara Bareilles, Kim Burrell, Ben Folds, Sutton Foster, Alison Krauss, and others conducted master classes and performed in the centerpiece "American Voices" concert, where Fleming also performed. A 90-minute documentary on the festival and concert was broadcast on PBS Great Performances.

On September 26, 2013, Fleming sang the Late Show Top Ten List ("Top 10 Opera Lyrics") on CBS's Late Show with David Letterman.

On February 2, 2014, Fleming became the first opera singer to perform "The Star-Spangled Banner" during the Super Bowl XLVIII pre-game ceremonies. The broadcast earned the Fox Network the highest ratings in its history and was the largest audience in American television history until it was surpassed by NBC's Super Bowl XLIX the following year. The gown Fleming wore during the performance was added to the permanent collection of the Smithsonian Institute's National Museum of American History.

On November 9, 2014, Fleming sang in a televised concert at the Brandenburg Gate to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall, with German Chancellor Angela Merkel and Mikhail Gorbachev in attendance.

On May 29, 2016, Fleming sang "How Can I Keep from Singing?" to honor fallen service members at the National Memorial Day Concert on the West Lawn of the Capitol in Washington, D.C. The concert was broadcast on PBS.

In 2017, Fleming, as creative consultant for the Lyric Opera of Chicago, conceived and directed Chicago Voices, a festival and concert celebrating Chicago's vocal music legacy. The event featured performers such as Kurt Elling, Lupe Fiasco, Jessie Mueller, John Prine, Michelle Williams, and Terrence Howard. Fleming also hosted and performed in the concert, which was broadcast nationwide on PBS Great Performances and won three Midwest/Chicago Emmy awards.

In the 2017 film Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri, Fleming's Decca recording of "The Last Rose of Summer" was featured in the opening scene and later in the movie, which was nominated for Best Picture and Best Original Score.

In April 2018, Fleming was interviewed by David Rubenstein on The David Rubenstein Show: Peer-to-Peer Conversations, broadcast on Bloomberg Television.

Fleming sings "You'll Never Know" on the soundtrack of the film The Shape of Water, which won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Original Score for composer Alexandre Desplat.

On July 4, 2018, Fleming performed on the PBS telecast A Capitol Fourth from the West Lawn of the U.S. Capitol, singing "You'll Never Walk Alone" and, during the fireworks display, "America the Beautiful."

On September 1, 2018, Fleming sang "Danny Boy" at the funeral service for Senator John McCain held at the Washington National Cathedral.

Fleming provided the singing voice of Roxann Coss, the American opera diva played by Julianne Moore, in the 2018 film Bel Canto, an adaptation of Ann Patchett's best-selling novel.

At the 2018 Kennedy Center Honors awards ceremony broadcast on CBS, Fleming sang a jazz aria composed by honoree Wayne Shorter as a tribute to Shorter.

Fleming appeared as a guest on the National Public Radio quiz show Wait Wait… Don't Tell Me! on October 19, 2019.

On June 14, 2020, Fleming premiered a new work by composer John Corigliano, "And the People Stayed Home," based on a poem by Kitty O'Meara, which became a viral success on social media. The performance was part of a streamed concert, We Are Here: A Celebration of Resilience, Resistance, and Hope, which also featured performances by Whoopi Goldberg, Lang Lang, and Billy Joel.

On August 1, 2020, Fleming performed a live recital for the Metropolitan Opera Met Stars Live in Concert series, live-streamed from Dumbarton Oaks Music Room in Washington, D.C. The performance was later telecast on PBS Great Performances.

Fleming was featured in the PBS Great Performances New Year's Eve telecast on

Music and health

Fleming has supported the study of how music affects health and how music can help in brain research.

In 2016, Fleming became the Artistic Advisor for the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. In this role, she led a program called Sound Health, which was a partnership between the Kennedy Center and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Sound Health brought together scientists, music therapists, and artists to learn more about how the arts affect the mind and body. In September 2019, the NIH announced a $20 million investment to fund research on how music might help treat conditions caused by brain disorders and other illnesses. In February 2025, Fleming and others at the Kennedy Center left their jobs after some members of the Board were removed and replaced by Donald Trump.

In 2017, Fleming and Francis Collins, who was the director of the National Institutes of Health, wrote an article together for the Journal of the American Medical Association about music and health.

During her performances, Fleming has given talks around the world called "Music and the Mind," explaining how music affects the brain and health. These talks have been held at hospitals, arts organizations, and universities. She has spoken at events such as the Compton Lecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Pritzker Lecture at the Chicago Public Library, and the J. Edward Rall Cultural Lecture at the National Institutes of Health.

Fleming has been an Artist Spokesperson for the American Music Therapy Association.

In 2020, Research!America gave Fleming the Isadore Rosenfeld Award for Impact on Public Opinion for her work promoting research that connects music, the brain, and health.

In May 2020, after the COVID-19 pandemic stopped live concerts, Fleming started a weekly online series called Music and Mind LIVE. The series was shared on Fleming’s Facebook page and the John F. Kennedy Center’s YouTube channel. Each episode featured experts from medicine, music therapy, research, and the arts, and included questions from viewers. The first guest was former U.S. Surgeon General Dr. Vivek Murthy. Later guests included Dr. Daniel Levitin, Dr. Francis Collins, Deepak Chopra, M.D., and Grateful Dead drummer Mickey Hart. Nineteen episodes were shared, reaching over 665,000 viewers in 70 countries.

On April 20, 2021, the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) announced a grant from the Renée Fleming Foundation to bring together experts in neuroscience, music therapy, medicine, and patient advocacy. The goal was to improve how data is collected for research and create tools to help develop music-based treatments for brain disorders linked to aging.

On May 6, 2021, Fleming spoke at the Fifth International Vatican Conference, which was held online due to the pandemic. She joined a panel discussing how music can help patients with heart failure and cardiovascular disease. Other speakers at the conference included Dr. Anthony Fauci, Dr. Sanjay Gupta, Jane Goodall, PhD, and U.S. Surgeon General Vivek Murthy, MD.

Philanthropy and advocacy

On July 13, 2004, Fleming performed "Your Song" with Elton John at Radio City Music Hall during the final event of a concert that raised money for Juilliard and the Royal Academy of Music.

Since 2006, Fleming has supported Sing For Hope, a nonprofit organization that provides music programs and performances to schools, healthcare centers, refugee camps, transportation hubs, and public areas that lack resources. Fleming has also been a member of Sing For Hope’s board of directors.

On April 11, 2013, Fleming hosted and performed at the 20th anniversary celebration of Classical Action, a program by Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS that collects money to support organizations working against AIDS and to help families across the United States.

On April 17, 2014, Fleming sang at the 25th anniversary concert of the Rainforest Foundation Fund at Carnegie Hall. She performed alone and sang "Là ci darem la mano" with Sting. Other performers at the event included Paul Simon, Stephen Stills, Patti Scialfa, and James Taylor.

In 2015, Fleming and Andrea Bocelli performed together for the first time at "Remembering Pavarotti," a concert held at the Los Angeles Music Center's Dorothy Chandler Pavilion on September 25 to raise money for research on pancreatic cancer.

Fleming has served on the board of trustees at Carnegie Hall and has worked as the artistic director of SongStudio, a program at Carnegie Hall that trains new singers and pianists in the art of song recitals.

Fleming has been a member of the Artistic Advisory Board of the Polyphony Foundation, an organization that brings Israeli youth together through music. The foundation, led by its executive director Naheel Abboud-Askar, has created a music school in Nazareth where Arab and Jewish students study and perform together. It also offers music education programs for kindergartens and elementary schools in Israel.

Roles

Fleming is well-known for performing several important roles in famous operas and plays. These include Countess Almaviva in Mozart's Le nozze di Figaro, Desdemona in Verdi's Otello, Violetta in Verdi's La traviata, the title role in Dvořák's Rusalka, the title roles in Massenet's Manon and Thaïs, Tatyana in Tchaikovsky's Eugene Onegin, the title role in Richard Strauss's Arabella, the Marschallin in Strauss's Der Rosenkavalier, the Countess in Strauss's Capriccio, and Blanche DuBois in André Previn's A Streetcar Named Desire.

In popular culture

• In 2000, Chef Daniel Boulud created a dessert called La Diva Renée in her honor.
• In the 2001 novel Bel Canto, author Ann Patchett was inspired by Fleming to create a character.
• In 2017, the National Recording Registry recognized Fleming’s album Signatures, which the Library of Congress chose to preserve.
• On May 29, 2018, an asteroid named 31249 Renéefleming was named to honor her.
• She was a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music.

Publications

• Fleming, Renée. The Inner Voice: The Making of a Singer. New York: Penguin Group, 2004. ISBN 978-0-14-303594-7 (paperback). It is also published in France by Fayard Editions, in the United Kingdom by Virgin Books, in Germany by Henschel Verlag, in Japan by Shunjusha, in Poland by Pro Musica Mundi, in Russia by Fantom Press, and in China by Guangxi Normal University Press Group. This book is now in its 16th printing and is available in France, the United Kingdom, Poland, Russia, Germany, Japan, and China.
• Fleming, Renée. Music and Mind: Harnessing the Arts for Health and Wellness. New York: Penguin Random House, 2024. ISBN 978-0-593-65319-7 (hardcover).